ABSTRACT
Implementing COVID-19 Community Activity Restrictions (Pemberlakuan Pem-batasan Kegiatan Masyarakat/PPKM) affects community activities, including type-2 Diabetes mellitus patients in Demak Regency. BMI and HbA1c are risk factors for increased blood glucose levels of DM type 2. This research aims to determine the impact of corvid-19 PPKM against BMI, Glucose Levels, and HbA1c in Type 2 DM Patients in Demak Regency. This study used secondary data from the Chronic Disease Management Program (PROLANIS) in three health centers (Pusat Kesehatan Masyarakat/ Puskesmas) in Demak Regency. Which was grouped into measurements before PPKM (October 2019 and February 2020), the PPKM period (August 2021), and the end of PPKM (March 2022). The complete variables were incorporated into the final analysis. A total of 164 respondents were spread across in Wonosalam 1 (n=64), Bonang 2 (n=49), and Wedung 1 (n=51). The results of the Analysis of Friedman and the Wilcoxon post hoc showed that there was an influence of COVID-19 PPKM on Glucose Levels (p= 0.000) and HbA1c (p = 0.000). There was no influence on BMI (p = 0.108) in Dm Type 2 patients in Demak Regency, meaning on the variable levels of FBS and HbA1c, there are at least two different measurements in October 2019, February 2020, August 2021, and March 2022 measurements. Special attention is needed in DM patients to control changes in BMI, Glucose levels, and HbA1c during the implementation of COVID-19 PPKM. © 2022, Universitas Negeri Semarang. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
One of the screenings of the chemical structure that has the potential as an active major protease (Mpro) inhibitor in SARS-CoV-2 is bioactive compounds, such as oolonghomobisflavan-A, theaflavin-3-O-gallate, and theaflavin (TF). These bioactive compounds are main components of catechin oxidation, which contribute color, taste, and aroma to black tea. Enzymatic oxidation events in black tea processing have started at the beginning of the mill. In silico studies of active site Mpro as an inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 were conducted using Protein Data Bank from a web platform. This analysis was carried out using the AutoDock Vina software integrated with PyRx 0.8. The molecular docking results were visualized in 3D and 2D with the BIOVIA Discovery Studio software with the result that amino acid residues and chemical bonds formed were visible, indicating the binding site of a target protein. The production of bioactive compounds through the tea fermentation process accelerated the oxidation rate of catechins into the contained bioactive compounds, which was analyzed using a spectrophotometer with a wavelength of 380 nm. Bioactive compound analysis used the response surface methodology. The results of docking the oolonghomobisflavan compound with Mpro indicated the highest binding affinity, namely −8.0 kcal/mol;however, the oolonghomobisflavan compound with Mpro did not show the same interaction as the control. On the contrary, for the docking of theaflavin-3’-Ogallate with Mpro, the binding affinity was −6.3 kcal/mol and showed the same interaction with the control, namely, LysA:137, where the compound formed hydrogen bonds, and analysis of the selected compound was carried out on the theaflavin-3’-O-gallate compound. The optimal operating conditions for the extraction process were at a flow rate of 17.65 l/minute with a fermentation time of 50 minutes, which produced a maximum theaflavin level of 0.938%. © 2022 Mohamad Endy Yulianto et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
ABSTRACT
Theaflavin (TF) is a component of fermented (enzymatic oxidation) catechin compounds synthesized during tea leaf fermentation, giving a golden yellow color, taste, and aroma to black tea. Theaflavins, which are rich in antioxidants, can treat cancer, obesity, diabetes and are potential as an inhibitor in SARS-CoV-2. Photo fermentation using ultraviolet (UV) has the advantage of penetrating the stoma cell wall in tea leaves and accelerating the oxidation of tea leaves that have gone through the milling process before the fermentation stage. This study aimed to optimize the photo fermentation process of theaflavin compounds from fresh tea leaves through response surface methodology (RSM). The highest theaflavin was obtained at a flow rate of 6 L/minute and a long irradiation time of 55 min, with a theaflavin content of 0.6705%. RSM states that the oxygen flow rate is the most influential factor with an R-Square value of 0.60814 means only 60.814% variation in data can be described by the model. (C) 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.